The distribution of outermost shell electrons, known as valence electrons, of organic molecules was observed for the first time. As the interactions between atoms are governed by the valence electrons ...

But in experiments, chemists only found inefficient reactions. The FSU research, published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, shows why: The molecule quickly moves into a less energetic ...

Katherine Bourzac is a freelance journalist in San Francisco, California. For a little more than a century, chemists have known that strong atomic links called covalent bonds are formed when atoms ...

Note: This video is designed to help the teacher better understand the lesson and is NOT intended to be shown to students. It includes observations and conclusions that students are meant to make on ...